tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12565150555125244352024-03-14T00:20:27.151-07:00Bridge of the Week(Click on Picture to Enlarge)Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.comBlogger2171125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-29134729110407111232018-04-08T09:00:00.000-07:002018-04-14T04:32:41.119-07:003D Printed Bridges<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Recently, a couple of firms have created short pedestrian bridges built with robots. The company MX3D created a steel bridge that was printed by a robot (with the help from ARUP and Autodesk). The bridge was built off-site and it will be carried to a river in Amsterdam where it will be assembled. The original design was to be printed at the site but it was so complicated they had trouble analyzing (or building) it. They scaled back their ambitions slightly for this somewhat more practical design (<span style="font-family: inherit;">photo of steel bridge by Adriaan de Groot)</span>.<br />
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A similarly organic-shaped bridge was printed using microfibers and cement as ink. However, unlike the steel bridge, the concrete bridge has already been assembled on site in Alcobendas (northeast Madrid). The bridge was designed by the Institute of Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC) and constructed by Acciona using a machine that was designed and built by D-Shape (photo of concrete bridge by IAAC).<br />
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Both bridges turned out to require much more work (and more money) than was originally anticipated. However, such struggles should be expected when developing new technologies. What it means for me and other human bridge engineers is less certain.<br />
<br />Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-45550949327614023712018-04-01T09:00:00.000-07:002018-04-08T10:30:04.560-07:00Humboldt County Bridges: Highway 101 Bridge across the Eel River at Rio Dell<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2013 (<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span class="latitude" style="text-align: -webkit-left;">40.50967</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-left;">, </span><span class="longitude" style="text-align: -webkit-left;">-124.12001) Eel River Bridge</span></span></td></tr>
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The Eel River Bridge (04 0016R) was built in 1940 with an unfortunate geometry, structure-type, and design for the site. It was originally a three span Pratt through truss bridge, but log jams during floods caused so much damage that the third truss span (and most of the girder spans) had to be replaced in 1964 (see photo below).<br />
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The piers were so vulnerable due to earthquakes that lead-rubber isolation bearings were eventually placed between the piers and bearings (in 1986) to reduce the inertia forces from the heavy truss spans.<br />
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Also, the remaining through truss spans were constantly in need of repair due to oversize loads damaging the cross-bracing (see photo below).<br />
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This bridge is now 78 years old, but it needed constant work to remain in service.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com1272 Belleview Ave, Rio Dell, CA 95562, USA40.507273563481625 -124.1221618652343840.458973063481622 -124.20284286523437 40.555574063481629 -124.04148086523438tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-44668503093369494242018-03-25T09:00:00.000-07:002018-03-25T11:21:17.379-07:00Mendocino County Bridges: Route 271 Bridges across Big Dann and Cedar Creek<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">2000 (<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span class="latitude" style="text-align: -webkit-left;">39.84861</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-left;">, </span><span class="longitude" style="text-align: -webkit-left;">-123.70222) Cedar Creek Bridge</span></span></td></tr>
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When State Highway 101 was completed, old State Route 271 was relinquished to the county. However local residents continued to use the Big Dann (10 0030) and Cedar Creek (10 0029) bridges (on 271) to get to and from their homes. The cost to seismically retrofit these big bridges would have been millions of dollars and so the residents agreed to the installation of seismic gates instead. When an earthquake occurs, the ground shaking will close the gates, preventing people from driving onto the bridges.<br />
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<br />Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com1Leggett, CA 95585, USA39.8654841 -123.7148275000000139.8167321 -123.79550850000001 39.914236100000004 -123.63414650000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-13512251008906819382018-03-18T09:00:00.000-07:002018-03-19T15:37:06.873-07:00Southwest Eighth Street Pedestrian Bridge Collapse in Miami, Florida<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Like many of you, I was shocked and saddened by the news that a pedestrian bridge collapsed while it was being constructed across Southwest Eighth Street in Miami, Florida. As a bridge engineer I'm always worried about making a mistake that could result in similar damage.<br />
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This bridge was being built using accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques, which are meant to get bridges built faster and more safely. Hopefully we'll learn some lessons from this collapse that will make bridge design and construction even safer in the future.<br />
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<br />Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com011200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA25.756576 -80.3739489999999820.23454149999999885 -121.68254299999998 51.2786105 -39.065354999999983tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-90791896397882323552018-03-11T09:00:00.000-07:002018-03-16T11:37:35.752-07:00Mendocino County Bridges: Confusion Hill Bridges Carrying Highway 101 across the South Fork of the Eel River<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">August 2010 (<span class="latitude" style="text-align: -webkit-left;">39.92088</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-left;">, </span><span class="longitude" style="text-align: -webkit-left;">-123.76359) Confusion Hill Bridges</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Confusion Hill Bridges are two structures that carry Highway 101 across the South Fork of the Eel River in Mendocino County. The bridges were designed and constructed to avoid a massive landslide on the south bank of the river. The North Bridge (10 0299) was completed in July of 2009 and the South Bridge (10 0300) was completed in September 2009 and the bypass was opened in October of 2009.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The North Bridge is a 581 ft long continuous prestressed box girder bridge on sloping single column bents (see top photo). This shorter bridge was built using the traditional method of supporting the wet concrete and rebar on falsework.</span></span><br />
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The South Bridge is a long three span continuous prestressed box girder bridge on vertical single column bents. It has a total length of 1239 ft (348 ft, 571 ft, 436 ft). It was built segmentally using cantilever construction (where the weight of the cured concrete supports the cantilevered spans).<br />
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Both bridges were designed by Caltrans engineers and built by Finley Engineering Group out of Tallahassee, Florida and by MCM Construction of California.<br />
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<br />Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com3Leggett, CA 95585, USA39.8654841 -123.7148275000000139.8167321 -123.79550850000001 39.914236100000004 -123.63414650000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-7973101643633152972018-03-04T09:00:00.000-08:002018-03-04T16:23:19.571-08:00Mendocino County Bridges: Philo Greenwood Road Bridge across the Navarro River<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">August 2017 (<span class="geo" style="text-align: -webkit-left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span class="latitude">39.08580</span>, <span class="longitude">-123.48450</span></span></span>) Philo Greenwood Road Bridge</td></tr>
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Continuing northwest from last week's Russian River Bridge, we arrived at the Philo Greenwood Road Bridge across the Navarro River. This is an open spandrel arch bridge (with timber approaches) that was built in 1951. The arch span is 130 ft long and the entire structure is 352 ft long.<br />
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The twin arches are founded in rock on each river bank and support a thin deck on spandrel columns. This is a local agency bridge (10C0032) supporting a county road.<br />
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The Navarro River is 28 miles long and flows northwest through the Coastal Range to the Pacific. Philo is the name of a town and Greenwood is the name of a ridge that are connected by the road.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zuV8LD8LXgY/Wphbh9K89NI/AAAAAAAATjQ/kQ4I3_aPsKUzDHwuzs6HNe1AfavQuBCJgCLcBGAs/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-03-01%2Bat%2B11.29.33%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="951" data-original-width="1600" height="380" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zuV8LD8LXgY/Wphbh9K89NI/AAAAAAAATjQ/kQ4I3_aPsKUzDHwuzs6HNe1AfavQuBCJgCLcBGAs/s640/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-03-01%2Bat%2B11.29.33%2BAM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com2Hendy Woods State Park, 18599 Philo Greenwood Rd, Philo, CA 95466, USA39.0698015 -123.4709108000000113.547766999999997 -164.7795048 64.591836 -82.162316800000013tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-49163849544761878012018-02-25T09:00:00.000-08:002018-03-04T16:23:35.812-08:00Mendocino County, California Bridges: Highway 101 Bridge across the Russian River<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-63nlYrhHVFc/WoyCoTTv56I/AAAAAAAAThY/YXE8eu1RbaYo6I6oqOvoYYyHDSp-TuGmwCLcBGAs/s1600/B0000229%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="478" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-63nlYrhHVFc/WoyCoTTv56I/AAAAAAAAThY/YXE8eu1RbaYo6I6oqOvoYYyHDSp-TuGmwCLcBGAs/s640/B0000229%2B2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">August 2017 (<span class="latitude" style="font-family: sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-left;">38.95389</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: -webkit-left;">, </span><span class="longitude" style="font-family: sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-left;">-123.10167) Russian River Bridge</span></td></tr>
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We've gone back to Mendocino County to look at bridges we missed during our last trip in August. California built a realignment of Highway 101 in 1933 that included this bridge over the Russian River. We can see in the photo above that the bridge has long (steel girder) approaches on both ends. The main span is a steel through truss bridge but with such a high skew that the portal and sway braces are attached to the previous panels. In the plan view below we can see more clearly how the end panels are cut to accommodate the skewed bracing.<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WQo7MVjaZvY/Wo2zZPw3nKI/AAAAAAAAThs/_P8viFbTvLMgjda9YE2lEVXD7StnzhNnwCLcBGAs/s1600/Russian%2BRiver%2BBridge%2BPlan%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="1600" height="366" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WQo7MVjaZvY/Wo2zZPw3nKI/AAAAAAAAThs/_P8viFbTvLMgjda9YE2lEVXD7StnzhNnwCLcBGAs/s640/Russian%2BRiver%2BBridge%2BPlan%2B1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The main span is 245 ft long and the total bridge is 1125 ft long over the Russian River flood plain. The Russian River is the second longest waterway in California with a length of 110 miles. It was originally called the <span style="color: #222222;">Ashokawna by the First Nation people and then </span><span style="color: #222222;">Slavyanka <span style="background-color: white;">by Russian fur traders in 1817. It's a </span></span><span style="color: #222222;">surprisingly wild river, especially during the winter. Beavers were once hunted along the river and even today 8 ft long sturgeons have been caught in its deeper regions.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pf5lgKHAZOc/Wo4UUVa5iGI/AAAAAAAATiE/dOJoCUTGH9IK62syJ82YNjjvbbfsCbyIwCLcBGAs/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-02-21%2Bat%2B4.14.09%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="1600" height="478" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pf5lgKHAZOc/Wo4UUVa5iGI/AAAAAAAATiE/dOJoCUTGH9IK62syJ82YNjjvbbfsCbyIwCLcBGAs/s640/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-02-21%2Bat%2B4.14.09%2BPM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
The river flows south nearly parallel to Highway 101 causing the bridge to have its high skew. Past our bridge it eventually turns west for about 40 miles before emptying into the Pacific near Jenner. Despite the river being somewhat isolated I counted about 20 major bridges crossing the river including it's forks (the East Russian River) and tributaries (Austin Creek). You can look at some of these interesting bridges on <a href="http://www.bridgeofweek.com/search?q=Russian+River">my website</a> or on the <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/ca/mendocino/100082/">Bridgehunter website</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2s509fcHY18/Wo4Vt4uzntI/AAAAAAAATic/M-16FI2Ft3YeVhwDMUms7yZpoef11XkJwCLcBGAs/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-02-21%2Bat%2B4.14.38%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1190" data-original-width="1600" height="474" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2s509fcHY18/Wo4Vt4uzntI/AAAAAAAATic/M-16FI2Ft3YeVhwDMUms7yZpoef11XkJwCLcBGAs/s640/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-02-21%2Bat%2B4.14.38%2BPM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
The vertical clearance of the through truss is limited by the cross bracing at the top. The minimum vertical clearance = 15' - 4", which makes the bridge structurally deficient (see photo below). We can also see in the photo below that the road is climbing out of the Alexander Valley and over the Mayacamas Mountains to the north (shown in the background).<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AZ_qgmXnKmI/Wo4Urgd2QuI/AAAAAAAATiM/0e68nnDqt44QCF4HosVcQ_oKNO0w-cQ2QCLcBGAs/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-02-21%2Bat%2B4.13.18%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1197" data-original-width="1600" height="478" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AZ_qgmXnKmI/Wo4Urgd2QuI/AAAAAAAATiM/0e68nnDqt44QCF4HosVcQ_oKNO0w-cQ2QCLcBGAs/s640/Screen%2BShot%2B2018-02-21%2Bat%2B4.13.18%2BPM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Hopland, CA 95449, USA38.9729541 -123.1163917999999713.450919600000002 -164.42498579999997 64.4949886 -81.807797799999975tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-44790571912145046182018-02-18T09:00:00.000-08:002018-02-19T06:10:04.017-08:00Shasta County Bridges: Pedestrian Bridge across Big Chico Creek<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BS8SS1dXF7E/Wn_Ej_hiyyI/AAAAAAAATgQ/J_jepsEzClQ-oO3rrYos8mkCHKE4qUsgACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2998.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BS8SS1dXF7E/Wn_Ej_hiyyI/AAAAAAAATgQ/J_jepsEzClQ-oO3rrYos8mkCHKE4qUsgACLcBGAs/s640/IMG_2998.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">February 2018 (39.731, -121.844) Big Chico Creek Bridge</td></tr>
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I drove to Chico to visit my granddaughter who took me on a tour of Chico State University. Winding its way through campus is the Big Chico Creek with several bridges that carry students to class.<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A7KANDHEeW4/Wn_KFwktwII/AAAAAAAATgg/PJMk1sY8HQwwo0X5gdMaFLC0o_bHtZeCQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_3001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A7KANDHEeW4/Wn_KFwktwII/AAAAAAAATgg/PJMk1sY8HQwwo0X5gdMaFLC0o_bHtZeCQCLcBGAs/s640/IMG_3001.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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This week's structure is a prefabricated through truss pedestrian bridge made of Corten steel by Big R Bridges out of Greeley, Colorado. I though the red color went nicely with all the trees on campus. There is a sign by the bridge that states the maximum load is 72,000 lbs. That is the load of an AASHTO LRFD HL 93 truck whose three axles are 32 kips, 32 kips, and 8 kips. I would imagine that the allowable pedestrian load is much higher.</div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZTPn5FbJFNU/Wn_LhSJAomI/AAAAAAAATgs/xD03R_7J2Kw6XfnGF-b_nBhAwxZ9Qx7HACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2992.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZTPn5FbJFNU/Wn_LhSJAomI/AAAAAAAATgs/xD03R_7J2Kw6XfnGF-b_nBhAwxZ9Qx7HACLcBGAs/s640/IMG_2992.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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The bridge looks pretty strong and it's carrying a large utility load on both overhangs (see photo below). This bridge is a Pratt truss because it carries the load through diagonal members sloping toward the center of the bridge. I count 12 - 8 ft long truss panels.</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SmvL6xqzLzo/Wn_R13i5zyI/AAAAAAAATg8/Z9l4j3XVYa0qbICEfcu_bjvO_R1w2xmAwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2991.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SmvL6xqzLzo/Wn_R13i5zyI/AAAAAAAATg8/Z9l4j3XVYa0qbICEfcu_bjvO_R1w2xmAwCLcBGAs/s640/IMG_2991.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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There is a tab screwed onto the ends of the truss with the vehicle loading (HL-93), a serial number, and the date the bridge was manufactured (January 2016). It's funny they designed this pedestrian bridge for a vehicular load. Maybe in an emergency it must be able to carry a truck load. Information on when it was placed at the site (and the bridge's name) wasn't available.</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U0XLxZfE_C8/Wn_V-N_fmZI/AAAAAAAAThI/hqepoj2wfSw4nhPXe6op5rAXcLgcqOgeQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2999.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U0XLxZfE_C8/Wn_V-N_fmZI/AAAAAAAAThI/hqepoj2wfSw4nhPXe6op5rAXcLgcqOgeQCLcBGAs/s640/IMG_2999.JPG" width="480" /></a></div>
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0400 W 1st St, Chico, CA 95929, USA39.729575 -121.8473286999999914.207540499999997 -163.1559227 65.2516095 -80.538734699999992tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-42661859943420348612018-02-11T09:00:00.000-08:002018-02-12T17:30:04.419-08:00Monterey County, California Bridges: Pfeiffer Canyon Bridge South of Big Sur (2)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HdrAWtcMUyg/Wn4ixyiZZyI/AAAAAAAATgA/-D0nEZZRE-U6_Y_uU0352ZlZURQG3gC8wCLcBGAs/s1600/T1016BIGSUR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="866" data-original-width="1540" height="358" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HdrAWtcMUyg/Wn4ixyiZZyI/AAAAAAAATgA/-D0nEZZRE-U6_Y_uU0352ZlZURQG3gC8wCLcBGAs/s640/T1016BIGSUR.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">October 2017 (<span style="font-size: 12.8px;">36.239, -121.775) Pfeiffer Canyon Bridge (44 0298)</span></td></tr>
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It was a year ago that I wrote about the landslide that damaged the <a href="http://www.bridgeofweek.com/search?q=pfeiffer">Pfeiffer Canyon Bridge</a> and the efforts to accelerate construction of the new bridge. The new bridge was completed in October, seven months after the 49 year old bridge was demolished. The old bridge had to be demolished first because the new bridge was build at the same location. A video of the new bridge's construction is available from <a href="https://youtu.be/uturuyYwCsk">Caltrans</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ShFUmAhnIIc/Wn4cAsqcEaI/AAAAAAAATfw/2X88r7SFDLcFgomYrBSO3zJummxNxtk4wCLcBGAs/s1600/1024x1024.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="426" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ShFUmAhnIIc/Wn4cAsqcEaI/AAAAAAAATfw/2X88r7SFDLcFgomYrBSO3zJummxNxtk4wCLcBGAs/s640/1024x1024.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
In the photo above we can see the superstructure being assembled from behind the abutment. The girders were built with enough camber to allow it to span half the distance before coming to rest on the temporary shoring before being dragged to the opposite abutment.<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-deUWdsi7lqs/Wn4ZIqxP_YI/AAAAAAAATfc/HkiVTvL8-3gFXvmf4Gc8wFf2jQfDfelUwCLcBGAs/s1600/2017_10_18_11-06-38_P1190935.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="480" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-deUWdsi7lqs/Wn4ZIqxP_YI/AAAAAAAATfc/HkiVTvL8-3gFXvmf4Gc8wFf2jQfDfelUwCLcBGAs/s640/2017_10_18_11-06-38_P1190935.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
The replacement bridge is a single span 308 ft long steel girder bridge without piers, which will hopefully prevent future slides from impacting the bridge. Note the walkways (above) needed to allow the bridge to be painted and inspected.<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A9sj1DAf8uQ/Wn4bN4S8o0I/AAAAAAAATfo/rRaZj2xsnTw7zr_KyxBY1Q5AaoV7VaKdACLcBGAs/s1600/2017_10_18_12-03-07_P1190956.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="480" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A9sj1DAf8uQ/Wn4bN4S8o0I/AAAAAAAATfo/rRaZj2xsnTw7zr_KyxBY1Q5AaoV7VaKdACLcBGAs/s640/2017_10_18_12-03-07_P1190956.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
The new bridge cost $24 million and was built by the Golden State Bridge Company in Benicia California. The steel girders were fabricated in Vallejo California. The bridge has a new bridge number (44 0298) and a bridge inspection was done on October 18th, even though the overhangs and abutments were still supported by falsework and the joint seals still needed to be installed (see top and bottom photos).Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Pfeiffer Big Sur Campground, Pfeiffer Big Sur Rd, Big Sur, CA 93920, USA36.2428576 -121.776742735.4245036 -123.0676362 37.0612116 -120.4858492tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-1341125244154925502018-02-04T09:00:00.000-08:002018-02-04T09:22:31.498-08:00Bridges of Mexico: Puente Ticumán across the Rio Yautepec in the State of Morelos<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7iuhkhNLo1s/WnFE8dZ1jiI/AAAAAAAATec/ryDdxem0xrM9VcEn5fiRv56kO19Y5Z8FwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_3054.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7iuhkhNLo1s/WnFE8dZ1jiI/AAAAAAAATec/ryDdxem0xrM9VcEn5fiRv56kO19Y5Z8FwCLcBGAs/s640/IMG_3054.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">October 2017 (18.7308, -99.11915) Puente Ticumán</td></tr>
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Damage to the Puente Ticuman from the 9/19/2017 Mexico Earthquake was reported by GEER Main Team member Prof. Alesandra Morales from the University of Puerto Rico.<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>She wrote:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Its a
classic embankment failure. The bridge is in good condition.
Minor
cracking prior to the earthquake.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>What the workers told her:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1) Bridge was designed by Japanese Consultants.</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2) Bridge was NOT designed for heavy loads.</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">3) Bridge was being use for heavy loads
(farming industry).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">4) There's a steel bridge that runs
parallel to this one and its the one that is currently being used by the locals
(alternate route).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">5) They will only fix the entrance/exit
to the bridge so people can use it for the moment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">6) A total reconstruction of the bridge
will take place next year and they are thinking about using drilled shafts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">7) Lots of bees! </span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LA-F2_B1UuQ/WnFK4d0H3QI/AAAAAAAATes/cUSj5UozPyUrzV7TynsOKYJMt4q-nkJkACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_3056.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LA-F2_B1UuQ/WnFK4d0H3QI/AAAAAAAATes/cUSj5UozPyUrzV7TynsOKYJMt4q-nkJkACLcBGAs/s640/IMG_3056.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Alesandra wrote "It appears that the masonry </span><span style="color: black;">wingwalls</span><span style="color: black;">
failed and the suddenly unrestrained embankment slid down the hill.'</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Alesandra's report makes the </span>bridge<span style="font-family: inherit;"> site sound like an </span>agriculture<span style="font-family: inherit;"> area but the Google Photo above </span>makes<span style="font-family: inherit;"> it seem more like a resort! This area near Jojutla had the most serious </span>earthquake damage, mostly related to weak and unstable soil.</div>
<!--EndFragment-->Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Ticumán, Mor., Mexico18.7617069 -99.1205815999999818.7316359 -99.160922099999979 18.7917779 -99.080241099999981tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-47167291388641631022018-01-28T09:00:00.000-08:002018-01-28T13:02:38.155-08:00Bridges of Mexico: Puente Xiotepec Carrying Highway 95D across Rio Apatlaco in the State of Morelos<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--os8Kq2Brq4/WmdOTwOY1cI/AAAAAAAATdc/5penVigHQDAFdb7hjS-QWljYQUDz32oRQCLcBGAs/s1600/Cuernavaca%2Bbridge%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1129" data-original-width="848" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--os8Kq2Brq4/WmdOTwOY1cI/AAAAAAAATdc/5penVigHQDAFdb7hjS-QWljYQUDz32oRQCLcBGAs/s640/Cuernavaca%2Bbridge%2B1.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 (18.7625, -99.2343) Xiotepec Bridge</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">While my team investigated </span>earthquake<span style="font-family: inherit;"> damage in the State of Puebla, another team was studying damage in the State of Morelos. That team found quite a bit of damage related to weak soils. A single span </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">125 ft
long highway bridge on the Mexico City-Acapulco Highway
95D, south of Cuernavaca (and 50 miles south of Mexico City) collapsed during the 9/19/2017 Mexico Earthquake.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In the photo above, we can see that the span moved away from the south abutment and fell onto the banks of the Rio Apatlaco. By the time the second </span>reconnaissance team got to the site, the bridge had been removed (see photo below) in preparation for building a replacement bridge on the site.<br />
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Fortunately, there was another bridge less than 200 yards away. Although Puente Xiotepec collapsed, Puente Xochitepec continued to carry traffic on Highway 95D across the river. Also, Highway 95 (a few hundred yards to the west) remained undamaged (see Google Earth photo below).<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zGm1_kGucCo/WmdZrj0iMdI/AAAAAAAATeA/BGrbtUVRGQEnzQYkXZm8yEfHWfwZ9TR2ACLcBGAs/s1600/Cuernavaca%2Bbridge%2B4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zGm1_kGucCo/WmdZrj0iMdI/AAAAAAAATeA/BGrbtUVRGQEnzQYkXZm8yEfHWfwZ9TR2ACLcBGAs/s640/Cuernavaca%2Bbridge%2B4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Recorded ground motion in the area was too low to damage engineered structures but the soil was weaker and could cause damage to structures for peak ground accelerations (pga) as low as 0.10g. (see USGS ShakeMap below). The team that went to Moreles found a lot of soil-related earthquake damage.<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bCNTrsgTFtc/WmdceiCfLtI/AAAAAAAATeM/TiUK_FUnHtIVk2X8ClOcMKJGuR89GgogACLcBGAs/s1600/cuernavaca.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bCNTrsgTFtc/WmdceiCfLtI/AAAAAAAATeM/TiUK_FUnHtIVk2X8ClOcMKJGuR89GgogACLcBGAs/s640/cuernavaca.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Alta Tensión, San Miguel de La Unión, Chiconcuac, Mor., Mexico18.7688259 -99.226212499999974-6.7532086000000007 -140.53480649999997 44.2908604 -57.917618499999975tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-20017711912236809132018-01-21T09:00:00.000-08:002018-02-14T04:05:00.646-08:00Bridges of Mexico: Undercrossing over Calzada de la Viga in Mexico City<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hkdVW95OuA0/WmPcggneJ_I/AAAAAAAATcc/0etbIzP0va8CYiwwPJog5Dlmkp1lbx8MwCLcBGAs/s1600/2017-09-21-PHOTO-00000062.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hkdVW95OuA0/WmPcggneJ_I/AAAAAAAATcc/0etbIzP0va8CYiwwPJog5Dlmkp1lbx8MwCLcBGAs/s640/2017-09-21-PHOTO-00000062.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: start;">(19.3696, -99.12248</span><span style="text-align: start;">) UC Eje 2 Ote Calzada de la Viga</span></span></td></tr>
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My next few blogs include photos taken by other earthquake reconnaissance team members and collaborators. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Professor Eduardo Miranda of Stanford shared some
photos of an </span>undercrossing (where a highway goes over a road) that had some damage from the 9/19/2017 earthquake. This is where the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Circuito
Interior Avenida
Rio Churubusco goes over Eje 2 </span>Ote Calzada de la Viga.<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bC2JnkimzPU/WmPeBv6ZQOI/AAAAAAAATco/wy3jGgmYUS8oa9YpzpyQs0HMbsZb2fWwwCLcBGAs/s1600/2017-09-21-PHOTO-00000065.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bC2JnkimzPU/WmPeBv6ZQOI/AAAAAAAATco/wy3jGgmYUS8oa9YpzpyQs0HMbsZb2fWwwCLcBGAs/s640/2017-09-21-PHOTO-00000065.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
I really like all the information In Prof. Miranda's photos. The photos show the direction of the camera and whether it is level, the latitude, longitude, azimuth, and bearing, the elevation above sea level and the time. The only problem with so much information is that it's hard to see the bridge! If we look closely we can see the undercrossing is two parallel continuous box girder superstructures supported on wide piers with shear keys at the ends of the drop bent caps.<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NaK4emce0Gw/WmPfa0rGV9I/AAAAAAAATc0/X-uaTb0veYgvlOhq-M6rQjYvumxnXRAAgCLcBGAs/s1600/2017-09-21-PHOTO-00000066.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NaK4emce0Gw/WmPfa0rGV9I/AAAAAAAATc0/X-uaTb0veYgvlOhq-M6rQjYvumxnXRAAgCLcBGAs/s640/2017-09-21-PHOTO-00000066.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
In the photo above we see that the ground is torn up, most likely from rocking of the foundations that support the piers.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CKYvNyYDwUA/WmPhAMX97xI/AAAAAAAATdA/a628NUTGDqcAZ4n2cEGVhTgC57_r-FDVgCLcBGAs/s1600/2017-09-21-PHOTO-00000067.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CKYvNyYDwUA/WmPhAMX97xI/AAAAAAAATdA/a628NUTGDqcAZ4n2cEGVhTgC57_r-FDVgCLcBGAs/s640/2017-09-21-PHOTO-00000067.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
The photo above shows a masonry abutment which was damaged due to banging of the superstructure against the shear walls. It's not a good idea to built masonry elements on bridges unless they are well reinforced. I don't see any reinforcement in this abutment.<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K6UOvhY0pF8/WmPkSY_mX3I/AAAAAAAATdM/KADf0EXVBksNEplh3dYhzKy11KsvAeRogCLcBGAs/s1600/20170926_120108%2Bgoogle%2Bearth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="1568" height="448" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K6UOvhY0pF8/WmPkSY_mX3I/AAAAAAAATdM/KADf0EXVBksNEplh3dYhzKy11KsvAeRogCLcBGAs/s640/20170926_120108%2Bgoogle%2Bearth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
In the photo above we can see that the undercrossing has a long center span over the roadway and two very short spans with masonry abutments at the ends. It seems like the piers and the abutments couldn't laterally support the long center span, which resulted in rocking of the piers and damage to the abutments.<br />
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Eje 7 Sur (Municipio Libre) 402, Iztapalapa, San Andrés Tetepilco, 09440 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico19.3675891 -99.135102099999983-6.1544454 -140.44369609999998 44.8896236 -57.826508099999984tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-11130757929906443742018-01-14T09:00:00.000-08:002018-01-14T09:00:13.948-08:00Bridges of Mexico: Pedestrian Overcrossing across Blvd. Adolfo Ruiz Continues in Mexico City<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UZq9YHilC3o/Wlb7arSVpPI/AAAAAAAATcE/XndK0ow9D0IvOkDGiJluK4-ODAF90QJcgCLcBGAs/s1600/poc2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1600" height="448" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UZq9YHilC3o/Wlb7arSVpPI/AAAAAAAATcE/XndK0ow9D0IvOkDGiJluK4-ODAF90QJcgCLcBGAs/s640/poc2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">September 2017 (19.2913, -99.1105)</span></span></td></tr>
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There were just a couple of bridge collapses during the 9/19/2017 Mexico Earthquake. <span style="font-family: inherit;">A Pedestrian Overcrossing across Blvd. Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (taken from Google Earth) is shown before the earthquake. The supports are slender single column bents with slotted bent caps to support the </span>single girder spans.</div>
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The superstructure must have been made up of simple spans supported on a narrow seat. This allowed the bridge to come apart when it was shaken during the earthquake, unfortunately landing on a passing cab. Bridge designers must provide continuity or very large seats in order to protect human lives at locations where earthquakes can occur.</div>
<br />Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0REGGAE CAMPING SONIDOS KE NUTERN, Pista Olímpica Virgilio Uribe (Canal de Cuemanco), CDMX, Mexico19.2729061 -99.106035200000008-6.2491284 -140.4146292 44.794940600000004 -57.797441200000009tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-53448921686361454762018-01-07T09:00:00.000-08:002018-01-07T13:10:01.975-08:00Bridges of Mexico: Metro Viaduct in Mexico City<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tWkuwLna7xE/WlBluQMULnI/AAAAAAAATac/qUKGSbtYeSYAUPFNrq37i8BsqccZHVs8QCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04415.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tWkuwLna7xE/WlBluQMULnI/AAAAAAAATac/qUKGSbtYeSYAUPFNrq37i8BsqccZHVs8QCLcBGAs/s640/DSC04415.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">September 2017 (<span style="line-height: 107%;">19.3017, -99.0520) Metro Viaduct</span></span><br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
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About 10 km to the northeast of the Tlapan Viaduct is another viaduct that carries light rail trains. The Metro Viaduct is about 20 km long, it was recently built, and it had some surprising damage during the 9/19/2017 earthquake.</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-i4Gn0gfrHag/WlBo_rkguUI/AAAAAAAATao/IcA9KNtdv6cacoyjkcuaKHFQtXwYdhEugCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04422.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-i4Gn0gfrHag/WlBo_rkguUI/AAAAAAAATao/IcA9KNtdv6cacoyjkcuaKHFQtXwYdhEugCLcBGAs/s640/DSC04422.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Metro Viaduct has a two steel girder superstructure (and three girders at the elevated stations) supported on single column bents. At the first site we saw evidence that a column foundation had rocked during the earthquake (above photo). Looking up at the superstructure we could see damage resulting from this movement (photo below). Steel keeper plates had busted out of the bent cap during the earthquake (although still restrained by the reinforcement). Also note the vertical slot in the column, meant to hold a drainage pipe. Like the previously studied Tlapan Viaduct, the drainage for these viaducts was never built.</div>
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Walking west along Avenue Tlahuac we continued to see signs of banging between the simply supported steel girder spans and the reinforced concrete bent caps (see figure below). However a few hundred meters to the west we saw some surprisingly serious damage.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZxyRsS77DJM/WlBthH4X2EI/AAAAAAAATbY/tC7lc0FiAWwNoROIW665ZmWam6q-iEZnwCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04435.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZxyRsS77DJM/WlBthH4X2EI/AAAAAAAATbY/tC7lc0FiAWwNoROIW665ZmWam6q-iEZnwCLcBGAs/s640/DSC04435.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
At this location the column didn't rock because the column base was weaker and broke instead. After the earthquake the superstructure was supported on steel shoring while engineers made plans to repair the column.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Hv8gPyOiw0E/WlBuZeIcQsI/AAAAAAAATbk/T8jH4b8ESOMe1LO16zHbOpvi3W0hngXOwCEwYBhgL/s1600/DSC04436.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Hv8gPyOiw0E/WlBuZeIcQsI/AAAAAAAATbk/T8jH4b8ESOMe1LO16zHbOpvi3W0hngXOwCEwYBhgL/s640/DSC04436.JPG" width="640" /></a>In the photo below we can see that not only had the column's cover concrete spalled off but the cracks extended into the core concrete. Looking at the damage, we noted the lack of transverse reinforcement in the column. Also, the main column reinforcement had bundled bars with splices, which shouldn't be located in the plastic hinge zone. Fortunately the viaduct didn't collapse at this location. However, there was only moderate shaking in Mexico City from the 9/19/2017 earthquake. Imagine the damage that could occur if strong shaking were to occur. Even with only moderate shaking, about 40 buildings collapsed.</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-biHsB2YqpaM/WlBu8-M1mhI/AAAAAAAATbo/FwMLWTUVSOQACsaRViDSa7vwpUkZSx-eQCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04451.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-biHsB2YqpaM/WlBu8-M1mhI/AAAAAAAATbo/FwMLWTUVSOQACsaRViDSa7vwpUkZSx-eQCLcBGAs/s640/DSC04451.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Santa Ana Poniente, 13300 Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico19.2999445 -99.046232700000019-6.2220900000000015 -140.35482670000002 44.821979 -57.737638700000019tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-12679003959679845542017-12-31T09:00:00.000-08:002018-01-05T23:06:05.601-08:00Bridges of Mexico: Tlapan Viaduct in Mexico City<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XBe7JanQanY/WkgXzX7KcwI/AAAAAAAATY8/ZwYUccWmPlQxvGrhDjQ0wSFbKaW9xRVlACLcBGAs/s1600/DSC05031.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XBe7JanQanY/WkgXzX7KcwI/AAAAAAAATY8/ZwYUccWmPlQxvGrhDjQ0wSFbKaW9xRVlACLcBGAs/s640/DSC05031.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 (19.2389, -99.1468) Tlapan Viaducto</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">After leaving Coajomulco, we continued north on Highway 95D to</span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> the newly constructed Viaducto Tlapan in southern Mexico City. The </span></span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">government really must like these elevated expressways (maybe because of the tolls they collect) and almost every highway in Mexico City now has a viaduct in the median. I wrote about the <a href="http://www.bridgeofweek.com/search?q=Movie+the+pit">construction of these viaducts and the documentary film they inspired</a> in a previous blog.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">When we stopped at the viaduct to take photos, the highway police came over to talk to us. They were very nice (as were all the police and soldiers that we met) and they allowed us to continue shooting.</span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-f8H079Kz6IU/Wkgc0TZzSKI/AAAAAAAATZM/j2tJFFC0sfIuu8_Jlp_jsXHq8g67CJtAgCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC05025.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-f8H079Kz6IU/Wkgc0TZzSKI/AAAAAAAATZM/j2tJFFC0sfIuu8_Jlp_jsXHq8g67CJtAgCLcBGAs/s640/DSC05025.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-size: small;"> We asked the police if this long viaduct had been damaged during the recent earthquake. They said they did a complete inspection following the earthquake and didn't see any damage. The one thing they did notice was that water began leaking out of the expansion joints at the ends of the spans after the earthquake. I think the reason for this is that they never completed the drainage system on the viaducts for some reason. Water that had accumulated inside the box girder </span><span style="color: #666666;">supertructure was finally able to escape due to shaking during the earthquake.</span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aI77op5y1dc/WkgiYnzphQI/AAAAAAAATZw/CzSTRw8GfIwugc7jjPa3LICskf4sKjs8QCEwYBhgL/s1600/DSC05021%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aI77op5y1dc/WkgiYnzphQI/AAAAAAAATZw/CzSTRw8GfIwugc7jjPa3LICskf4sKjs8QCEwYBhgL/s640/DSC05021%2B2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #666666;">The viaduct is composed of spans that cantilever over single column bents with a seat for the next span at the end of the cantilever. In this way a 20 km long viaduct is created (see photo above). This simple pattern is modified as required due to a variety of structures crossing the highway (see photo below).</span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XNbOh7oK_zk/WkhT4UIpxVI/AAAAAAAATaM/J8zKO3xifvIEShxZDzPOrwPJQsObago9QCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC05036%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="966" data-original-width="1600" height="386" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XNbOh7oK_zk/WkhT4UIpxVI/AAAAAAAATaM/J8zKO3xifvIEShxZDzPOrwPJQsObago9QCLcBGAs/s640/DSC05036%2B2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #666666;">I also wanted to mention the beautiful views on the east side of the highway at this location. Mexico City is at an elevation of 7000 ft with volcanoes encircling the city such as Volcan Guadalupe shown in the photo below.</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jxptLoFSBzs/WkghtXP9EUI/AAAAAAAATZk/b8J4K7ul66ICdyEAs6T1qAJAXxpgturLwCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC05014%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jxptLoFSBzs/WkghtXP9EUI/AAAAAAAATZk/b8J4K7ul66ICdyEAs6T1qAJAXxpgturLwCLcBGAs/s640/DSC05014%2B2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0México-Cuernavaca Km. 22, San Pedro Mártir, 14650 Tlalplan, CDMX, Mexico19.2562464 -99.15013720000001719.248750899999997 -99.160222200000021 19.2637419 -99.140052200000014tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-28735418960045368862017-12-24T09:00:00.000-08:002017-12-24T12:08:09.976-08:00Bridges of Mexico: Highway 95D Overcrossing in Coajomulco<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j2L2I5zi1zY/WjleHILPCdI/AAAAAAAATYE/bNsQF5US9kQv1OnHi1zR7MY2b8jrLx38ACLcBGAs/s1600/DSC05003.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j2L2I5zi1zY/WjleHILPCdI/AAAAAAAATYE/bNsQF5US9kQv1OnHi1zR7MY2b8jrLx38ACLcBGAs/s640/DSC05003.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 (<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">19.0323, -99.2057) Overcrossing in Coajomulco</span></td></tr>
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Heading back to Mexico City we stopped to photograph an overcrossing on Highway 95D. Although there's nothing special about this bridge it has a handcrafted look that's different from the cookie cutter appearance of most expressway bridges in the United States.<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l_m1V7VtI4M/WjliFeOEmnI/AAAAAAAATYg/UeUT8Cl88eoDm4HNmPh7TR9NMCj8ymZIgCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC05006.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l_m1V7VtI4M/WjliFeOEmnI/AAAAAAAATYg/UeUT8Cl88eoDm4HNmPh7TR9NMCj8ymZIgCLcBGAs/s640/DSC05006.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
This bridge is composed of precast slab elements for the superstructure and wall elements for the substructure. The walls at the abutments have stone masonry wingwalls and the pier wall has pegs at the top to act as catchers. The bridge is painted white to complete its handmade appearance.<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zu_8iHxzemA/WjlktjZluCI/AAAAAAAATYs/03xf_fQ56iwO3lTRQSluOAoO5QeDjv2bwCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC05004.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zu_8iHxzemA/WjlktjZluCI/AAAAAAAATYs/03xf_fQ56iwO3lTRQSluOAoO5QeDjv2bwCLcBGAs/s640/DSC05004.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Coajomulco, Mor., Mexico19.032035 -99.20834400000001119.0170245 -99.228514 19.0470455 -99.188174000000018tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-51609442190504433752017-12-17T09:00:00.000-08:002017-12-20T18:28:18.168-08:00Bridges of Mexico: Highway 438D Overcrossing near Santiago Atzitzihuacán<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2ba5xoC9uf8/WjBQo-D9zWI/AAAAAAAATXY/Lt0myhURIwYYGXeQk_0w32QnNaArPvs2gCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04995.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2ba5xoC9uf8/WjBQo-D9zWI/AAAAAAAATXY/Lt0myhURIwYYGXeQk_0w32QnNaArPvs2gCLcBGAs/s640/DSC04995.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 <span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">(18.8268, -98.6038) Highway 438D Overcrossing</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Driving west out of Puebla on Highway 438D we came upon an overcrossing near Santiago Atzitz Huacan. It's a 3 span precast girder bridge on tall single column bents. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.666666984558105px;">The</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> bents are located in deep cuts on the highway shoulders. This is because the highway itself is deeply cut into the </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.666666984558105px;">surrounding</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> hills. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.666666984558105px;">The</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> engineers must have c</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.666666984558105px;">arefully calculated the volume of cuts and fills needed to built this road. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14.6667px;">Note the vegetation growing in the expansion joints between the spans. All of the rain and debris caught in the joints must make a fertile environment for any seeds that find a home there.</span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-la2qlSihmqQ/WjBUJstmIOI/AAAAAAAATXk/8hl2vJVGzm8K5alr6FDAKYHOGd3kejXEQCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04997.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="901" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-la2qlSihmqQ/WjBUJstmIOI/AAAAAAAATXk/8hl2vJVGzm8K5alr6FDAKYHOGd3kejXEQCLcBGAs/s640/DSC04997.JPG" width="360" /></a></div>
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This seems to me like a very common type of bridge in Mexico, perhaps as a result of having to build highways through the many mountain ranges. I saw much taller bridges during a <a href="http://www.bridgeofweek.com/2009/11/mexico-bridges-rio-armeria-puentes.html">previous trip through Colima, Mexico</a>. Note that part of the cut around the south bent has sloughed off, probably as a result of the September 19th earthquake. However, no damage or even signs of movement were seen on the columns or on the simply supported spans. </div>
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In the photo below we can see they are excavating to make the roadway wider. I wonder if they will also have to lengthen the bridge to span wider shoulders or additional lanes?</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0K996GxWBeY/Wjdjy_3J5zI/AAAAAAAATX0/oRKCxAvReespN-ViA2s9HALv5w3BhyXiwCLcBGAs/s1600/sandiego%2Batchi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0K996GxWBeY/Wjdjy_3J5zI/AAAAAAAATX0/oRKCxAvReespN-ViA2s9HALv5w3BhyXiwCLcBGAs/s640/sandiego%2Batchi.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</div>
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Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Santiago Atzitzihuacán, Pue., Mexico18.8235869 -98.58164310000000818.808557399999998 -98.6018131 18.8386164 -98.561473100000015tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-76241694041305921972017-12-10T09:00:00.000-08:002018-01-01T15:13:57.957-08:00Bridges of Mexico: Bike Path on Periférico Ecológico in Puebla City<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 (18.9791, -98.2206) Ciclovía del Periférico Ecológico de Puebla Ciudad</td></tr>
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Driving south on Calle Periférico Ecológico in Puebla City I noticed a bright blue bike path in the median. Instead of an elevated bikeway <a href="http://www.bridgeofweek.com/2017/11/bridges-of-mexico-hermanos-serdan-blvd.html">like the one in the median of Hermanosa Serdán Blvd.</a> the Ciclovía del Periférico Ecológico is 'at grade' but with elevated structures about every half mile to get on and off of this limited access expressway (see photo below).<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-j_rcPU_VQpE/WhIW9ARjjcI/AAAAAAAATVA/eQsD2ulI1wY2_fblL3wERYLrH2NNBqqcgCLcBGAs/s1600/parque%2Bdel%2Bcentenario%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-j_rcPU_VQpE/WhIW9ARjjcI/AAAAAAAATVA/eQsD2ulI1wY2_fblL3wERYLrH2NNBqqcgCLcBGAs/s640/parque%2Bdel%2Bcentenario%2B1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
These elevated structures include a narrow 'T' shaped superstructure on single column bents (the overcrossing), a 'C' shaped superstructure on squat four-legged trusses (the main ramp), and on/off ramps that zig-zag along the sides of the expressway.<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-txbGZO27KN4/WhYBC-gIK4I/AAAAAAAATVQ/PwLPisfMadoZkhUHhxd5qekoC1W3KoL_gCLcBGAs/s1600/parque%2Bdel%2Bcentenario%2B4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-txbGZO27KN4/WhYBC-gIK4I/AAAAAAAATVQ/PwLPisfMadoZkhUHhxd5qekoC1W3KoL_gCLcBGAs/s640/parque%2Bdel%2Bcentenario%2B4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
The median has to be wide enough to accommodate bicyclists continuing their ride on each side of these elevated structures (see above). Since the resulting median could have been used to provide two extra lanes of traffic one might wonder if it's really worthwhile. Perhaps it's because I'm an avid bicyclist that I think the answer is yes!<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Nsn9g3dq7fY/WhYDJ_mhM7I/AAAAAAAATVc/QnGXE1miSE4vqUJHgIXKdOye8rSVeMQlQCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04954-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="1000" height="368" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Nsn9g3dq7fY/WhYDJ_mhM7I/AAAAAAAATVc/QnGXE1miSE4vqUJHgIXKdOye8rSVeMQlQCLcBGAs/s640/DSC04954-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Laguna de Chapulco, Puebla, Pue., Mexico18.9869793 -98.22095609999996718.979471800000002 -98.23104109999997 18.9944868 -98.210871099999963tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-70836198599589690212017-12-03T09:00:00.000-08:002018-01-20T19:33:35.257-08:00Bridges of Mexico: Xonacatepec OC across 150D in the State of Puebla<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tbzozdWUQsc/WhEdizCnIKI/AAAAAAAATTU/D2lmDohVMl44u7UMOjbMJZLK8U10pFwZACLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04768.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tbzozdWUQsc/WhEdizCnIKI/AAAAAAAATTU/D2lmDohVMl44u7UMOjbMJZLK8U10pFwZACLcBGAs/s640/DSC04768.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 (19.0674, -98.1181) Xonacatepec Road OC</td></tr>
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Driving west on 150D we approached a very strange looking overcrossing carrying Xonacatepec Road across the expressway. Note the diagonal tower with cables on the east side of the bridge supporting the two northern spans. You can't see from the photo (shot while hanging out of the passenger window) but there is an identical tower on the west side supporting the two southern spans. The diagonal towers positioned asymmetrically from each other must provide torsional and bending moments. Perhaps the asymmetrically positioned cable towers are to compensate for the torsion due to the highly skewed bridge?<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-z89qLk2DdrE/WhEjphX_KyI/AAAAAAAATTk/5jzHwGw0iDATAFpEkT59LV_yqan5cWi8wCLcBGAs/s1600/Xonacatepec%2Bbefore.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-z89qLk2DdrE/WhEjphX_KyI/AAAAAAAATTk/5jzHwGw0iDATAFpEkT59LV_yqan5cWi8wCLcBGAs/s640/Xonacatepec%2Bbefore.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
A year ago there were no service roads and the overcrossing had fewer spans (see above). Looking at a later photo shows the new overcrossing being built (shown below). Note the tower that will support the cables sitting on the north shoulder (in the photo below). There's another tower sitting on the south shoulder on the west side of the bridge.<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Wwo-6kwwEiY/WhEkDdLfzoI/AAAAAAAATTo/i82ZbMCLhmMjXSH3tnSfe3ssgr2hMrmrwCLcBGAs/s1600/Xonacatepec%2Bduring.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Wwo-6kwwEiY/WhEkDdLfzoI/AAAAAAAATTo/i82ZbMCLhmMjXSH3tnSfe3ssgr2hMrmrwCLcBGAs/s640/Xonacatepec%2Bduring.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Looking at a photo of the bridge deck (below), we can see that this wide bridge was able to handle traffic during construction by working on half the bridge while allowing traffic to ride on the other half. Once that half was rebuilt, traffic was moved onto it while the other half was rebuilt.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RC570eMASCM/WhEtkqkd_qI/AAAAAAAATT4/r2H8QW166MICotVXFLXIEgjLAbrFQ8GzwCLcBGAs/s1600/Xonacatepec%2Bfrom%2Babove.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RC570eMASCM/WhEtkqkd_qI/AAAAAAAATT4/r2H8QW166MICotVXFLXIEgjLAbrFQ8GzwCLcBGAs/s640/Xonacatepec%2Bfrom%2Babove.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
One last photo (below) of the overcrossing through the (dirty) rear window. You can clearly see the diagonal towers on opposite ends and opposite sides of the bridge. What I find particularly interesting is that the engineer was allowed to design such an unusual structure on an interstate highway. I think California's bridge engineers may be too cautious and conservative to design something so unusual.<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AfjGuQIqK4Q/WhEwOEYQBJI/AAAAAAAATUE/r_a6-BlQEYszKRsQEAKK6JDpHwso4Js8ACLcBGAs/s1600/Xonacatepec%2Bduring%2Blooking%2Beast%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="1600" height="282" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AfjGuQIqK4Q/WhEwOEYQBJI/AAAAAAAATUE/r_a6-BlQEYszKRsQEAKK6JDpHwso4Js8ACLcBGAs/s640/Xonacatepec%2Bduring%2Blooking%2Beast%2B2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Prolongacion Hacienda El Jaguey 3402, Cholula, 72828 Pue., Mexico19.005493 -98.276792-6.5165414999999989 -139.585386 44.527527500000005 -56.968198tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-5810889379443395202017-11-26T09:00:00.000-08:002020-02-27T10:26:25.088-08:00Bridges of Mexico: 150D/190 Interchange in the State of Puebla<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 (19.0635, -98.1063) 150D/190 Interchange</td></tr>
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Bridge engineers in the State of Puebla have a much larger toolbox than engineers in the State of California. For instance, I can count the number of cable-stayed bridges in California on the fingers of one hand but in Puebla, cable-stayed bridges are even used as connectors on interchanges.<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vnSF5BdMsGc/WhD5ung4LBI/AAAAAAAATR4/WKIaSKknrSQayIgOV3yCZYdiePUS6xZjwCLcBGAs/s1600/150D%2B190%2BIntersection%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vnSF5BdMsGc/WhD5ung4LBI/AAAAAAAATR4/WKIaSKknrSQayIgOV3yCZYdiePUS6xZjwCLcBGAs/s640/150D%2B190%2BIntersection%2B2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
In the Google Earth photo above a six span cable-stayed connector with three sets of towers is on our left (carrying traffic to downtown Puebla) while a seven span cable-stayed connector with only two sets of towers is on our right (carrying traffic to Perote and Veracruz).<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-USmYOqSAOIc/WhECNAkALTI/AAAAAAAATSc/cYp1s_6MPP8yov0VfgBp70reXHpsqFJGACLcBGAs/s1600/150D%2B190%2BIntersection%2B5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-USmYOqSAOIc/WhECNAkALTI/AAAAAAAATSc/cYp1s_6MPP8yov0VfgBp70reXHpsqFJGACLcBGAs/s640/150D%2B190%2BIntersection%2B5.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
These are unusual cable-stayed bridges. The connector carrying traffic to downtown Puebla has towers on the sides of the piers supporting the 1st and 2nd and the 5th and 6th spans. The 4th and fifth spans are supported by towers on a multicolumn bent in the median of Highway 150D (shown in the Google Earth photo above). Even more unusual is the connector carrying traffic to Veracruz, which only has two tower bents and so the 1st, 4th, and 7th spans are not supported by cables (see Google Earth photo below). Also, the connector shown below has two big outrigger bents supporting the center span. The connector shown above has a fancy sign with colored balls near the abutment.<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3vQbKNO3NTE/WhED3WqwKLI/AAAAAAAATSo/XE1BVHuJEA81Dy5OwuekeUm8HSLxN3rlACLcBGAs/s1600/150D%2B190%2BIntersection%2B6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3vQbKNO3NTE/WhED3WqwKLI/AAAAAAAATSo/XE1BVHuJEA81Dy5OwuekeUm8HSLxN3rlACLcBGAs/s640/150D%2B190%2BIntersection%2B6.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
A stunning feature of this interchange is that it sits on the flank of La Malinche, an enormous volcano. in fact, on a clear day you can see volcanos all around the interchange; part of the Trans-Mexican Volcano Belt. On the two days we spent in Puebla it was overcast but you can see La Malinche clearly in the first Google Earth photo and also at the top of the Google Earth photo below (the interchange is identified with a yellow pin). Puebla's elevation is over 7000 ft above sea level.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oe7X60sNCu0/WhEOuXr6BmI/AAAAAAAATTE/YILwHFuDTUQwlviIdIBoz9vOMDKLdnOPACLcBGAs/s1600/150D%2B190%2BIntersection%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oe7X60sNCu0/WhEOuXr6BmI/AAAAAAAATTE/YILwHFuDTUQwlviIdIBoz9vOMDKLdnOPACLcBGAs/s640/150D%2B190%2BIntersection%2B1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com2Jagüey, Los Héroes Puebla 1° Sección, Puebla, Pue., Mexico18.9851474 -98.22282339999998218.9832704 -98.225344899999982 18.9870244 -98.220301899999981tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-36079234731664040882017-11-19T09:00:00.000-08:002017-11-19T15:37:46.299-08:00Bridges of Mexico: The Hermanos Serdán Blvd. Bicycle Viaduct in Puebla City<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 (19.09170, -98.2296) Viaducto de Bicicleta de Puebla Ciudad</td></tr>
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On September 24th I went with the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Team to investigate the September 19th Mexico Earthquake. The group was mostly interested in looking at landslides and soil settlement but I did manage to photograph a few bridges.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-es3dOCYAyTQ/Wg0FOQSGOLI/AAAAAAAATQk/we8KX1CHveUc-pTmcWh2GhGcnvRTixaMwCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04658.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-es3dOCYAyTQ/Wg0FOQSGOLI/AAAAAAAATQk/we8KX1CHveUc-pTmcWh2GhGcnvRTixaMwCLcBGAs/s640/DSC04658.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Puebla is a modern city and a showcase for Mexican culture. Among its many attractions is an elevated viaduct for bicyclists (and pedestrians) i<a href="http://quoruminformativo.com.mx/index.php/2016/07/16/35-mdp-por-kilometro-costara-la-ciclovia-hermanos-serdan/">n the median of Hermanos Serdan Blvd</a>. This structure is 7.6 km long and just one of several bike paths in the city. The photos above show the elevated bicycle roundabout at Hermanos Serdan Blvd and Avenue Francisco Villa in Sanctorum.<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DhxZbVNyw_M/WhHBpB9I8VI/AAAAAAAATUU/y1pmX2KfpjERuQi5oS6Mmg6lZpqe9nK6wCLcBGAs/s1600/Ciclovia-Hnos-Serdan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="426" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DhxZbVNyw_M/WhHBpB9I8VI/AAAAAAAATUU/y1pmX2KfpjERuQi5oS6Mmg6lZpqe9nK6wCLcBGAs/s640/Ciclovia-Hnos-Serdan.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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What's particularly nice about the viaduct is the diversity of structures. The roundabout is a steel truss on steel truss piers but there are also cable-stayed structures (shown above), long stretches of steel stringers on oddly crossed steel piers (shown below), as well as arches (see bottom photo). The one unifying feature is that all the structures are steel and they're all painted white. </div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jSRTH58fE5Y/WhCbeLEYT1I/AAAAAAAATRQ/UVKdjAsElXkejb-ENauFDE9GZm5fEc06wCLcBGAs/s1600/Bike%2Bviaduct%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jSRTH58fE5Y/WhCbeLEYT1I/AAAAAAAATRQ/UVKdjAsElXkejb-ENauFDE9GZm5fEc06wCLcBGAs/s640/Bike%2Bviaduct%2B1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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In the next couple of months we'll look at new and old bridge structures in Puebla, Morales, and Mexico City that I photographed between stops to study earthquake damage. Interested readers can also see a similar set of <a href="http://www.bridgeofweek.com/2009/11/mexico-bridges-rio-armeria-puentes.html">photos that I took following the 2003 Colima, Mexico Earthquake</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nl5F3OTbzmk/WhCcyi0JeBI/AAAAAAAATRc/3D39onw7Td4h4TkzzCJ6wrp7eTA9XPRMgCLcBGAs/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2017-11-18%2Bat%2B12.48.20%2BPM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="1198" height="422" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nl5F3OTbzmk/WhCcyi0JeBI/AAAAAAAATRc/3D39onw7Td4h4TkzzCJ6wrp7eTA9XPRMgCLcBGAs/s640/Screen%2BShot%2B2017-11-18%2Bat%2B12.48.20%2BPM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Av. Hermanos Serdán, Puebla, Pue., Mexico19.0779364 -98.22773239999997919.017910399999998 -98.308413399999978 19.1379624 -98.147051399999981tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-27726523323829055712017-11-12T09:00:00.000-08:002018-02-21T08:29:00.602-08:00Mendocino County, California Bridges: Highway 1 Bridge across Ten Mile River<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3rcmr1ai5ng/WgXq-caEnXI/AAAAAAAATPg/05BLMFTAk6oIpYlMCfDzGoNFhS5hAATQACLcBGAs/s1600/B0000333-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="480" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3rcmr1ai5ng/WgXq-caEnXI/AAAAAAAATPg/05BLMFTAk6oIpYlMCfDzGoNFhS5hAATQACLcBGAs/s640/B0000333-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 (<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span class="latitude" style="text-align: -webkit-left;">39.54917</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-left;">, </span><span class="longitude" style="text-align: -webkit-left;">-123.76278) Ten Mile River Bridge</span></span></td></tr>
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Ten Mile River Bridge (10 0274) is an eight span prestressed concrete box girder bridge that was built in 2009. It replaced a timber deck truss bridge that had been built at this site in 1954 (see photo below, courtesy of the Mendocino County Historical Society).<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x4sTFdnxWHo/WgXwhE7VnKI/AAAAAAAATP4/WcKCmM4QNEkIOSsV1eOCXPShMmgDWeSKgCLcBGAs/s1600/176422-L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="1024" height="188" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x4sTFdnxWHo/WgXwhE7VnKI/AAAAAAAATP4/WcKCmM4QNEkIOSsV1eOCXPShMmgDWeSKgCLcBGAs/s640/176422-L.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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With the tight radius curve at the south end of the bridge along with it's streamlined appearance and the dramatic landscape of water, sky, and rugged hills, this bridge provides some visual excitement. Note the open barrier rail and sidewalk, which is appropriate for a bridge along the coast.</div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-c0ZigDbzhAU/Wgc_G4ISpcI/AAAAAAAATQI/GLQ_ZFTgRXY7cQaR8HhNkJmWL3hFXR8twCLcBGAs/s1600/ten%2Bmile%2Briver.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-c0ZigDbzhAU/Wgc_G4ISpcI/AAAAAAAATQI/GLQ_ZFTgRXY7cQaR8HhNkJmWL3hFXR8twCLcBGAs/s640/ten%2Bmile%2Briver.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Inglenook, CA 95437, USA39.529608 -123.7589042999999839.137209000000006 -124.40435129999999 39.922007 -123.11345729999998tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-27962570396310565422017-11-05T09:00:00.000-08:002017-11-29T10:35:59.196-08:00Mendocino County, California Bridges: Highway and Railway Bridges across Pudding Creek<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-h4SwAbYqQHE/Wf3j0FhCp6I/AAAAAAAATOU/pQh4R6sarTINrE29h65BUZRfiq20MfxTgCLcBGAs/s1600/B0000330-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-h4SwAbYqQHE/Wf3j0FhCp6I/AAAAAAAATOU/pQh4R6sarTINrE29h65BUZRfiq20MfxTgCLcBGAs/s640/B0000330-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 (39.4586, -123.8078) Pudding Creek Bridges</td></tr>
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A highway bridge and a railway bridge (now converted to a pedestrian bridge) cross Pudding Creek a few hundred yards from each other. The Highway 1 Bridge (10 0158) is an eight span, precast concrete channel beam bridge that was built in 1959. The bridge was seismically retrofit in 1996. Large diameter piles were placed at the ends of enlarged bent caps. This is called a 'superbent' and is a commonly used seismic retrofit to more firmly anchor a bridge into the ground. The simply supported channel beams (upside down bathtub sections) were securely anchored to each other and to the bents. It looks like at some point a water line was attached to the west side of the superstructure.<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5ZJe-dwqe0I/Wf3n3x0ub6I/AAAAAAAATOg/YBlO-lLC_jck1UJf31EaCf-cGc3M7x0fwCLcBGAs/s1600/B0000324-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="480" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5ZJe-dwqe0I/Wf3n3x0ub6I/AAAAAAAATOg/YBlO-lLC_jck1UJf31EaCf-cGc3M7x0fwCLcBGAs/s640/B0000324-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
At the end of the 19th century Union Lumber built a 10 mile long railway to bring redwood logs (that were being deposited into Ten Mile River) to their mill at Fort Bragg. More information on the bridge, the railroad, and the lumber company is available on the <a href="http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/fort_bragg/pudding_creek_fb.htm">Mendocino Model Rail Website</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-alEHBFMBick/Wf3qxIvmHSI/AAAAAAAATPA/diQQIG3UW7A1yhXrfA0hJjZSog6nlQdzQCLcBGAs/s1600/B0000322-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-alEHBFMBick/Wf3qxIvmHSI/AAAAAAAATPA/diQQIG3UW7A1yhXrfA0hJjZSog6nlQdzQCLcBGAs/s640/B0000322-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Pudding Creek Trestle is a 515 ft long wooden bridge that was built by the Union Lumber Company in 1915. The railroad bridge became a truck bridge when the railway was converted to a haul road in 1949. The logging operation ended in the 1970s and the truck bridge became a pedestrian bridge in 2007.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xweZ2q0HYn4/Wf3uWZ2NnlI/AAAAAAAATPM/27gM6p7P7LMjG6vcDD_mRUPxT4xWLxAKQCLcBGAs/s1600/Pudding%2BCreek%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="1600" height="366" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xweZ2q0HYn4/Wf3uWZ2NnlI/AAAAAAAATPM/27gM6p7P7LMjG6vcDD_mRUPxT4xWLxAKQCLcBGAs/s640/Pudding%2BCreek%2B1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Pudding Creek Beach, California 95437, USA39.4599465 -123.8086772000000339.4538165 -123.81876220000004 39.4660765 -123.79859220000003tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-74646146812169253572017-10-29T10:20:00.000-07:002017-11-10T10:40:46.231-08:00Mendocino County, California Bridges: Highway 1 Bridge across the Noyo River<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3zElfUEnFXo/WfNpWG8HWlI/AAAAAAAATM4/EbFI0JisWvYOCDZ88wVYz1Hdk5_IMgjZQCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04160.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3zElfUEnFXo/WfNpWG8HWlI/AAAAAAAATM4/EbFI0JisWvYOCDZ88wVYz1Hdk5_IMgjZQCLcBGAs/s640/DSC04160.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">September 2017 <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">(<span class="latitude" style="text-align: -webkit-left;">39.42694</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-left;">, </span><span class="longitude" style="text-align: -webkit-left;">-123.80667) Noyo River Bridge</span></span></td></tr>
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Continuing north on Highway 1 we arrived at the Noyo River Bridge (10 0298). This is a three span continuous, prestressed concrete box girder bridge. It has a 325 ft long main span and it was built in 2005. It's an odd looking bridge with columns that are recessed below the soffit to imitate a bridge on bearings. The columns have a stout shape with extra concrete that (hopefully) will spall off to allow the ductile core to undergo large displacements without breaking during an earthquake.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aGWkHVFTs8o/WfN76GOspCI/AAAAAAAATNI/8mnd0D5A89USTukMwkTTMpUApdWmfy-oACLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04157.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aGWkHVFTs8o/WfN76GOspCI/AAAAAAAATNI/8mnd0D5A89USTukMwkTTMpUApdWmfy-oACLcBGAs/s640/DSC04157.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
There was a fight between Caltrans and the community about various aspects of the proposed design of the bridge. The bridge was to be located extremely close to commercial buildings along the bank and it doesn't look like a typical coastal bridge. One resident, Vince Taylor, fought Caltrans on the solid barrier rail that was originally proposed for the bridge. He provides a history of his hard-fought victory <a href="http://www.bridgerailings.org/noyo/Scenic_Rails/Documents/annotated_history.htm">on the internet</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-At-q9z-UXc0/WfVQMNFWm8I/AAAAAAAATOE/qIMAIZnLxrwtI7aRHGokbvhqj0RhKnuSACLcBGAs/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2017-10-28%2Bat%2B11.01.43%2BAM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1092" data-original-width="1456" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-At-q9z-UXc0/WfVQMNFWm8I/AAAAAAAATOE/qIMAIZnLxrwtI7aRHGokbvhqj0RhKnuSACLcBGAs/s640/Screen%2BShot%2B2017-10-28%2Bat%2B11.01.43%2BAM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.mendotraintony.com/pictorial-history-of-the-six-bridges-that-have-crossed-the-noyo-river-fort-bragg-ca/">Tony Phillips</a> provides an excellent pictorial history of the six different bridges that crossed the Noyo River near its mouth during the last 150 years. The first structure was a drawbridge that was built in 1861. Subsequent bridges were truss bridges until the current haunched box girder bridge was built.<br />
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<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0500 Casa Del Noyo, Fort Bragg, CA 95437, USA39.424992 -123.8027890000000239.375931 -123.88347000000002 39.474053000000005 -123.72210800000002tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1256515055512524435.post-91144333323070847062017-10-22T09:00:00.000-07:002017-10-27T10:39:24.676-07:00Mendocino County, California Bridges: Three Bridges on Highway 1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TsCCb0aH6_A/WezD4pnrpqI/AAAAAAAATMY/keZCVyk5YV0raIJ-zPVcuzeEvy4zEAEtwCEwYBhgL/s1600/DSC04151-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="945" height="380" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TsCCb0aH6_A/WezD4pnrpqI/AAAAAAAATMY/keZCVyk5YV0raIJ-zPVcuzeEvy4zEAEtwCEwYBhgL/s640/DSC04151-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">August 2017 (39.3767, -123.8161) Three Highway 1 Bridges</td></tr>
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Continuing north on Highway 1 we moved away from the coastline and crossed over the Caspar Creek Bridge (10 0153), a seven span continuous prestressed concrete structure on single column bents. This bridge was built in 1966.<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZydC8Gur3pI/WevOJabnviI/AAAAAAAATLs/oALpdHwMcgkp5d58i5pSe21FHXbqR--OACLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04152.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZydC8Gur3pI/WevOJabnviI/AAAAAAAATLs/oALpdHwMcgkp5d58i5pSe21FHXbqR--OACLcBGAs/s640/DSC04152.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
A little further north is the Jug Handle Creek Bridge (10 0154), a 388 ft long reinforced concrete bridge with a 210 ft long open spandrel arch span that was built in 1938. This bridge is farther from the headlands and consequently lower to the ground than last week's Russian Gulch Bridge.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qcyYe91lXpA/WewYixk73cI/AAAAAAAATMI/de2NAgNBn8kNxw0ubuQNFYg1pbP0ws8sQCLcBGAs/s1600/DSC04154-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="1000" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qcyYe91lXpA/WewYixk73cI/AAAAAAAATMI/de2NAgNBn8kNxw0ubuQNFYg1pbP0ws8sQCLcBGAs/s640/DSC04154-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Finally, we parked at College of the Redwoods and walked to the Hare Creek Bridge (10 0175), another 388 ft arch bridge (that was built in 1947). However, the Hare Creek Bridge has a full arch for the main span and two almost full arches for the side spans (see General Plan below).<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-N20a_Ex9SYo/We4HalTH97I/AAAAAAAATMo/uKyU5XS2j8MUWR9gCSaD8KRSvI9VlIKUACLcBGAs/s1600/Hare%2BCreek.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="1103" height="420" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-N20a_Ex9SYo/We4HalTH97I/AAAAAAAATMo/uKyU5XS2j8MUWR9gCSaD8KRSvI9VlIKUACLcBGAs/s640/Hare%2BCreek.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width: 0;" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.Mark Yashinskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05666521915699399827noreply@blogger.com0Caspar, CA, USA39.3649223 -123.814475239.340369300000006 -123.8548157 39.3894753 -123.7741347